MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
1) A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is
a(n)
A) primary consumer.
B) secondary consumer.
C) decomposer.
D) autotroph.
E) producer.
2) Which of the following organisms fix nitrogen
in aquatic ecosystems?
A) cyanobacteria
B) chemoautotrophs
C) phytoplankton
D) legumes
E) fungi
3) Which of the following statements is (are) true?
A) An ecosystem's trophic structure determines the rate at which energy
cycles within the system.
B) At any point in time, it
is impossible for consumers to outnumber producers in an ecosystem.
C) Chemoautotrophic
prokaryotes near deep-sea vents are primary producers.
D) There has been a
well-documented increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past several
decades.
E) Both C and D are true.
4) Production, consumption, and decomposition
are important ecosystem processes. Organisms in which of the following taxa
perform decomposition?
A) bacteria
B) vertebrates
C) invertebrates
D) A and C
E) A, B, and C
5) Organisms in which of the following taxa are responsible for most of the conversion of organic materials
into inorganic compounds that can be utilized in primary production?
A) autotrophs
B) bacteria
C) fungi
D) B and C
E) A, B, and C
SHORT ANSWER.
Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.
Use Figure 54.1 to answer the following questions.
Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Each letter is a
species. The arrows represent energy flow.
6) Which species is autotrophic?
7) Which species is most likely the decomposer?
8) A toxic pollutant would probably reach its
highest concentration in which species?
9) Species C makes its predators sick. Which
species is most likely to benefit from being a mimic of C?
10) Excluding the decomposer, biomass would
probably be smallest for which species?
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
11) The main decomposers in an ecosystem are
A) fungi.
B) plants.
C) insects.
D) prokaryotes.
E) A and B.
12) The fundamental difference between materials
and energy is that
A) materials are cycled
through ecosystems; energy is not.
B) energy is cycled through
ecosystems; materials are not.
C) energy can be converted
into materials; materials cannot be converted into energy.
D) materials can be
converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into materials.
E) ecosystems are much more
efficient in their transfer of energy than in their transfer of materials.
13) The concept that energy cannot cycle through
an ecosystem is best explained by
A) the law of conservation
of energy.
B) the second law of
thermodynamics.
C) the competitive exclusion
principle.
D) the Green World
hypothesis.
E) the principle of biomagnification.
14) Subtraction of which of the following will
convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?
A) the energy contained in
the standing crop
B) the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration
C) the energy used by autotrophs in respiration
D) the energy fixed by photosynthesis
E) all solar energy
15) The difference between net and gross primary
productivity would likely be greatest for
A) phytoplankton in the
ocean.
B) corn plants in a farmer's
field.
C) prairie grasses.
D) an oak tree in a forest.
E) sphagnum moss in a bog.
16) Which of these ecosystems accounts for the
largest amount of Earth's primary productivity?
A) tundra
B) savanna
C) salt marsh
D) open ocean
E) tropical rain forest
17) The producers in ecosystems include which of
the following?
II. algae
III. plants
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) I, II, and III
18) Which of these ecosystems has the highest
primary productivity per square meter?
A) savanna
B) open ocean
C) boreal forest
D) tropical rain forest
E) temperate forest
19) The total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs present in an ecosystem is known as the
A) gross primary
productivity.
B) standing crop.
C) net primary productivity.
D) secondary productivity.
E) trophic
efficiency.
20) Aquatic primary productivity is often limited
by which of the following?
II. nutrients
III. pressure
A) II only
B) III only
C) I and II only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
21) The highest primary productivity occurs in
the open ocean rather than other ecosystems.
Why?
A) It contains greater
concentrations of nutrients.
B) It receives a greater
amount of solar energy per unit area.
C) It has the greatest total
area.
D) It contains more species
of organisms
E) Its producers are
generally much smaller than its consumers.
22) Compared with the open ocean, marine life is
especially abundant and diverse near the shore because
A) the open ocean is too
salty.
B) the water is calmer near
the shore.
C) the water is warmer near
the shore.
D) there is less competition
for light near the shore.
E) inorganic nutrients are
more plentiful near the shore.
23) The amount of chemical energy in consumers'
food that is converted to their own new biomass is called the
A) biomass.
B) standing crop.
C) biomagnification.
D) primary production.
E) secondary production.
24) Organisms in which of the following groups
can be primary producers?
A) cyanobacteria
B) zooplankton
C) flowering plants
D) A and C
E) A, B, and C
25) Aquatic ecosystems are unlikely to be limited by insufficient
A) nitrogen.
B) carbon.
C) phosphorus.
D) iron.
E) More than one of the
above is correct.
26) Trophic efficiency
is
A) the ratio of net
secondary production to assimilation of primary production.
B) the percentage of
production transferred from one trophic level to the
next.
C) the ratio of net
production at one trophic level to the net production
at the level below, expressed as a percent.
D) usually greater than
production efficiencies.
E) both B and C.
27) If you had a large quantity of excess grain
and wanted to convert it into the greatest amount of animal biomass, to what
would you feed it?
A) chickens
B) mice
C) cattle
D) carp (a type of fish)
E) mealworms (larval
insects)
28) Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting
the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?
A) Many primary and
higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders.
B) Most predators require
large home ranges.
C) Nutrient cycles involve
both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.
D) Nutrient cycling rates
tend to be limited by decomposition.
E) Each energy transfer is
less than 100% efficient.
29) In general, the total biomass in a terrestrial
ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level?
A) producers
B) herbivores
C) primary consumers
D) tertiary consumers
E) secondary consumers
30) Some aquatic ecosystems can have inverted
biomass pyramids because
A) phytoplankton are much larger than zooplankton.
B) phytoplankton have a relatively short turnover time.
C) consumption of
phytoplankton by zooplankton is so rapid that the standing crop of
phytoplankton remains relatively low.
D) both B and C are true.
E) A, B, and C are true.
31) Which of the following terms actually
encompasses all of the others?
A) heterotrophs
B) herbivores
C) carnivores
D) primary consumers
E) secondary consumers
Refer to Figure 54.2, a diagram of a food web, for the
following questions. (Arrows represent energy flow and letters represent
species.)
Figure 54.2
32) If this were a terrestrial food web, the
combined biomass of C + D would probably be
A) greater than the biomass
of A.
B) less than the biomass of H.
C) greater than the biomass
of B.
D) less
than the biomass of A + B.
E) less than the biomass of
E.
33) If this were a marine food web, the smallest
organism might be
A) A. B) F. C)
C. D) I. E) E.
34) Which species might be described as an
omnivore?
A) F B) B C)
I D) D E) E
35) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids of
numbers, biomass, and energy are essentially the same: They have a broad base
and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that
A) secondary consumers and top
carnivores require less energy than producers.
B) at each step, energy is
lost from the system as a result of keeping the organisms alive.
C) as materials pass through
ecosystems, some of them are lost to the environment.
D) biomagnification
of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores.
E) top carnivores and
secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers.
36) Which of the following pyramids cannot possibly be inverted?
A) production
B) biomass
C) numbers
D) both A and B
E) A, B, and C
37) Which of the following situations is
consistent with the Green World hypothesis?
A) Milkweed plants are eaten
by monarch caterpillars.
B) Some gypsy moths cannot
feed and die because others have defoliated the trees in the area.
C) Webworms cooperate with
each other to build a protective silken structure around themselves.
D) A mild winter improves
the survival rate of overwintering cutworms.
E) Grasshoppers in a corn
field are killed by a viral infection.
SHORT ANSWER.
Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.
The following questions refer to the organisms in a
grassland ecosystem listed below. Each term may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
A. hawks
B. snakes
C. shrews
D. grasshoppers
E. grass
38) an autotroph
39) an herbivore
40) smallest biomass
41) tertiary consumer
42) probably the highest internal concentration
of toxic pollutants
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
43) All of the following statements about energy
flow are correct except:
A) Secondary productivity
declines with each trophic level.
B) Only net primary
productivity is available to consumers.
C) About 90% of the energy
at one trophic level does not appear at the next.
D) Eating meat is probably
the most efficient way of acquiring the energy of photosynthetic productivity.
E) Only about one-thousandth
of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis actually reaches a
tertiary-level consumer.
44) Many homeowners mow their lawns during the
summer and collect the clippings, which are then hauled to the local landfill.
Which of the following would comprise an alternative that would cause the least
disturbance to local ecosystems?
A) Don't mow the lawn¹have a
sheep graze on it and put the sheep's feces into the landfill.
B) Collect the clippings and
burn them.
C) Either collect
the clippings and add them to a compost pile, or don't collect the clippings
and let them decompose in the lawn.
D) Collect the clippings and
wash them into the nearest storm sewer that feeds into the local lake.
E) Dig up the lawn and cover
the yard with asphalt.
45) To recycle nutrients, the minimum an
ecosystem must have is
A) producers.
B) producers and
decomposers.
C) producers, primary
consumers, and decomposers.
D) producers, primary
consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.
E) producers, primary
consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.
46) Nitrogen is available to plants only in the
form of
A) ammonium.
B) nitrite.
C) nitrate.
D) A and C.
E) A, B,
and C.
47) All organisms capable of fixing nitrogen
belong to the group
A) Protista.
B) Archaea.
C) Fungi. D) Plantae. E) Animalia.
48) In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that
replenish the atmosphere with N2 are
A) Rhizobium bacteria.
B) nitrifying bacteria.
C) denitrifying bacteria.
D) methanogenic
protozoans.
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
49) How does phosphorus normally enter the
atmosphere?
A) respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) rock weathering
D) geological uplifting (subduction and vulcanism)
E) It does not enter the
atmosphere in biologically significant amounts.
50) Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling?
A) The phosphorus cycle
involves the rapid recycling of atmospheric phosphorus.
B) The phosphorus cycle is a
sedimentary cycle that involves the weathering of rocks.
C) The carbon cycle is a
localized cycle that primarily reflects the burning of fossil fuels.
D) The carbon cycle has
maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of CO2 for the past million
years.
E) The nitrogen cycle
involves movement of nitrogen in which very little of it is chemically altered
by either the biotic or abiotic components of the
ecosystem.
51) Long-term ecological research at the
A) intensive logging can dramatically
increase levels of nitrate and calcium ions retained in the soil.
B) the amount of nutrients
leaving an intact forest ecosystem is controlled by the plants themselves.
C) selective logging can
actually increase species richness in deciduous forests.
D) two of the above are
true.
E) all of the above are
true.
52) Human-induced modifications of the nitrogen
cycle can result in
A) eutrophication
of freshwater ecosystems.
B) increased availability of
fixed nitrogen to primary producers.
C) accumulation of toxic
levels of nitrates in groundwater.
D) depletion of atmospheric ozone.
E) all of the above.
53) The high levels of pesticides found in birds
of prey is an example of
A) eutrophication.
B) predation.
C) biological magnification.
D) the Green World
hypothesis.
E) chemical cycling through
an ecosystem.
54) If the flow of energy in an Arctic ecosystem
goes through a simple food chain from seaweeds to fish to seals to polar bears,
then which of the following is true?
A) Polar bears can provide
more food for Eskimos than seals can.
B) The total energy content
of the seaweeds is lower than that of the seals.
C) Polar bear meat probably
contains the highest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins.
D) Seals are more numerous
than fish.
E) The carnivores can
provide more food for the Eskimos than the herbivores can.
55) When levels of CO2 are experimentally
increased, C3 plants generally respond with a greater increase in productivity
than C4 plants. This is because
A) C3 plants are more
efficient in their use of CO2.
B) C3 plants are able to
obtain the same amount of CO2 by keeping their stomata open for shorter periods
of time.
C) C4 plants don't use CO2
as their source of carbon.
D) the rate of
photosynthesis is limited more by CO2 in C3 plants than in C4 plants.
E) both B and D are correct.
SHORT ANSWER.
Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.
The following questions refer to the terms below.
Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. Green World hypothesis
B. turnover
C. biological magnification
D. greenhouse effect
E. cultural eutrophication
56) increased concentrations of CO2 in the
atmosphere
57) caused by excessive nutrient input into lakes
58) caused excessive levels of DDT in fish-eating
birds
59) occurs at a high rate for nutrients in
tropical rain forests
---------------------
60) All of the following are likely results of
land-clearing operations such as deforestation and agricultural activity except
A) destruction of plant and
animal habitats.
B) erosion of soil due to
increased water runoff.
C) leaching of minerals from
the soil.
D) rapid eutrophication
of streams and lakes.
E) decreased carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
END